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- The reality of the submarine war
-
- A simulation challenges a player because his tactical skill as well as
- reactions are being tested. As in almost every game, the goal is to
- compete with others and to be better than them. Most games take
- advantage of this natural human desire.
-
- Superficially, war can be viewed from the same perspective: one's
- own "crew" is fighting one's "opponent" who must be outwitted.
- Countless board and computer games use historic or imaginary war
- scenarios to captivate the player.
-
- Thus, war becomes an abstract process, in which tactical decisions
- must be made in order to score points. The winner becomes a hero
- for a day, and the reality of war fades.
-
- The history of submarine warfare in WW2 can lead to glorification of
- war and worshipping of heroes, both of which can distract us from the
- Wehrmacht's campaign of destruction in the east, the bombing of
- civilians, and the murder of the European Jews, as well as from the
- fact that U-boat crews were also subject to the will of a criminal
- group in charge of the German Reich.
-
-
- Very early in the war Goebbels' propaganda machine created the
- hero figure of the German submarine commander. The best known
- example was Kapitänleutnant Günther Prien after he had penetrated
- the British fleet base at Scapa Flow with U-47 in 1939 and sunk the
- battleship "Royal Oak".
-
- The ecstatic victory celebrations quickly covered the fact that the
- submarine force was but a small part of Hitler's war machine.
- Propaganda claimed that these victories could be duplicated and
- made exaggerated use of them. It did not take Goebbels and his
- ministry very long to understand that the U-boat war could be
- utilized more readily than the fight of any other branch of the armed
- forces to create lies and distortions because results could not be
- verified by outsiders. Thus, absurd claims of success were made
- until the very end.
-
- The illusion of the submarine war being a fight of "one man against
- the other" is quickly dissipated, if one takes a closer look at historical
- facts. Only a short time after the formal British declaration of war, U-
- 30 torpedoed the English passenger liner "Athenia". 112 people lost
- their lives, most of them women and children. Thus, Germany
- violated international law on the first day of the war. As a result, the
- German submarine forces were perceived very negatively by the
- whole world. The main purpose of the submarine is the destruction
- of helpless victims. Merchant ships were the primary target, and the
- term "tonnage war" disguised countless dead sailors.
-
- The U-boat crews themselves lived like gophers in an underground
- mine. There were no storage facilities, neither were there sleeping or
- crew quarters. Often crews had to live for a hundred days inside
- their narrow cigars without ever being able to move around much or
- breathe fresh air. Hygiene was virtually unknown, and that alone
- could cause psychological damage without ever coming into contact
- with an "enemy". The enemy, however, could not be seen, he was
- an abstract target that could not be experienced. War took a terrible
- toll, and the submarine war was a prelude to our current age of
- possible mass destruction. The submarine war was without a doubt
- one of the most brutal aspects of the Second World War. Lothar-
- Günther Buchheim, an author who participated in the war on board
- submarines, writes the following about the fight: "Again and again
- we found survivors of sunken ships floating in life boats on the
- endless ocean. U-boat crews would try their best to equip them with
- provisions, charts and a compass, but they could not rescue the
- victims of their torpedoes. Beginning in September 1942 they were
- not allowed to do anything for the shipwrecked sailors. (...) Their own
- possible end always in mind, the men had to leave the helpless
- sailors waiting in their rafts or half sunken life boats to meet a
- terrible end.. (...) In addition to the fear of being abandoned there
- was the fear of oil. If heavy oil would find its way into a swimmer's
- lungs, he was as good as dead. They were afraid of the cold that
- numbed the limbs, and (...) they were afraid of thirst."
-
- When the murderous battle on all seven seas was over the majority
- of the crews had been killed. Almost 39,000 german sailors put to
- sea in submarines; 27,082 of them never made it home.
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